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What is a paradigm?
What is a paradigm?: The
paradigm is defined from epistemology, cognitive science, and that
great set of beliefs that allow to see and understand reality in a
certain way. These beliefs also include certain preconceptions and philosophical beliefs that at one time shared the scientific community. As
you may guess, the paradigms are constantly changing, changes related
to advances and scientific discoveries that open up new perspectives and
horizons.
In
simple terms, a paradigm is the set of things we assume and believe,
which serves as a base or filter our perception and interpretation of
reality, for example if we quickly show a set of playing cards, going
quickly to one,
but those that are "hearts" with these black color instead of the
traditional and customary red, see red hearts, and that is what "hope"
of the reality of a deck of cards - the colors, Figures and numbers in this case are part of our paradigm for what are the cards in a deck. We
all have a lens invisible positions that make us see reality according
to a set of conventions and expectations about what things are and
should be, which in other words is a paradigm.
The
use of the concept of paradigm has its roots a few years ago, in 1962,
when Thomas Kuhn, in his essay "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
refers to the fact that both science and politics and history in
general There are times when you think certain things, mastering a set of ideas over others. Also
alludes to the fact that this set of ideas is always replaced by a new,
well settled, a new paradigm, which in most cases involves a crisis or
revolution. A
clear example of this was what happened during the Renaissance, when it
became the dramatic shift from classical physics, in which the Earth
was the center of the Universe, the geocentric theory, the controversial
heliocentric theory of Copernicus.
Something
fundamental paradigms is that they not only include scientific beliefs,
but have religious elements, social, aesthetic and philosophical
context-specific, among others, which often are closely related to how
successful the new paradigms as they born.
From
the above, it is said that a paradigm is embedded in a context of
discovery, along with those purely scientific and objective elements,
called context of justification, allow a paradigm installed as such in
particular historical moment.
What is a paradigm? 2012
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What is Braille?
What is Braille?: Braille is the system used by blind people to read. This, a writing system works by allowing characters to read embossed using the fingers.
Each
of these characters or cell contains six positions of points positioned
in boxes, which are in two columns of three dots each. Each of these points can be raised (embossed them), so that the fingers, the blind person can feel this bump. When no relief, means that there is a space.
The first column contains numbers from 1 to 3. The second, which is positioned on the right, contains the numbers 4 to 6. Letters to be developing, carrying out various combinations of relief, with the various existing points.
With
respect to the history of braille, this originally born, through the
request of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, creating a silent communication
system for soldiers, which could be read without light. It was called the night reading.
But this reading system, proved too complex, so that soldiers could read quickly the different notes. Apart from the resort that was the very act of learning to read under this system. Thus, as the military academies, rejected the project.
In
the mid-nineteenth century, in the year of 1821, gave birth to the
creation of Louis Braille, who having been blinded in childhood, had
managed to create a speed reading system and easy to learn, for people who are blind. This person worked at the National Institute for the Blind in Paris. His idea was generated from previously developed systems for the military. Thus,
as he realized that the previous system failed because their signs were
very large, and to immediately determine the distribution of the relief
using your finger, without having to move it. Which made it extremely slow. Its
creation and great contribution was to develop or Braille cells, that
is, the six points, which shape the letters, through the relief thereof.
Thus, as Braille, may be considered as the first binary encoding, the world. This system also can be used for the purpose of reading music and even mathematics.
The forms used to write Braille, are those described below. This the manual way, using along with a punch combinations to be forming. Are
typewriters of this system (do not forget that the conventional
typewriters, born by the request of an earl, a machine to write her
daughter who was blind). There are also Braille printers, which can be connected to a computer. The latter is the modern and fast solution to the issue.
Regarding Braille characters, they come to occupy much more space than conventional print. This
is how a typical page of Braille, which can grow up to 28 centimeters,
for another 28, only gets to be room for 25 lines of 40 characters each.
What is Braille?2012
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What is Islam?
What is Islam? Islam is a religion originating with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad's revelations from God, or Allah, he did to it. The word Islam comes from the Arabic and can be translated into Spanish as peace, purity, acceptance and commitment.
This
religion proclaims that God must be considered above all things,
postulates that are quite similar to those of St. Augustine, who, like
Islamic believers, or so-called Muslims profess that in the search for
God is wisdom.
Islam
began to develop in the seventh century in the Arabian territory,
between the Red Sea, the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf. This
vast area, which takes up almost a quarter of the European continent,
sheltering Islamic culture in a tremendously desert terrain, where
sedentary life is quite complex.
In these desert landscapes Muslim civilization developed, rich intellectual and material. However,
prior to this development, there were many tribes in the Arabian
territory, each worshiped many deities, angels and spirits, until a
charismatic character managed to unify, Muhammad.
Muhammad,
better known as the prophet Muhammad was a person who, influenced by
certain currents of Judaism and Christianity, taking into account both
the Old and New Testament, proclaiming the oneness of God.
According
to the religion of Islam, man is the greatest creation of God and have
the freedom to decide whether to continue or not will the path that God
has shown, however, the life of the Prophet Muhammad are presented as
exemplary life will lead to salvation.
Muslim life is governed by the commands written in two texts, the Koran and the Sunna. The
Quran is the word of God revealed through Muhammad, and Sunnah, is the
collection of Hadith, ie the sayings, deeds and gestures made by the
prophet that are constituted as legal and political solutions were not referred to in the Koran. Thus, the Qur'an and the Sunna, together, constitute the foundations of law and the Islamic religion.
What is Islam? 2012
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